Author: Nia Rouseberg
Time for reading: ~27
minutes
Last Updated:
February 12, 2026
Learn more information about important minerals. In this article we'll discuss important minerals.
Happy to be right here.
i'm a medical doctor, specializing in way of life medication using weight loss program and exercise no longer best prevent disorder, however to treat and reverse it as properly.
And it all clearly goes lower back to my grandma. You know, I assume the spark for many children to need to be a physician once they grow up is looking a grandparent get ill or maybe die, but for me changed into watching my grandma get better.She become identified with cease level coronary heart ailment.
Already had so many pass surgical procedures, not anything greater the doctors could do. She became sent domestic in a wheel chair to die.Crushing chest pain.
But then she heard approximately this man, Nathan Pritikin, one among our early way of life medication pioneers, and what came about subsequent is virtually special within Pritikin’s biography, to talk about Frances , my grandma.They wheeled her in, and she walked out some weeks later.
She was on foot 10 miles an afternoon, and although she changed into given her scientific loss of life sentence at age 65, way to a wholesome food plan become capable of revel in some other 31 years on this planet to age 96, to keep to enjoy her six grandkids along with me. So that’s why I went into medicine.That’s why I practice the sort of remedy I do, way of life medicine.
I just want to do for your own family what Pritikin did for my family.
Gianna That’s amazing. First query:how plenty fats and protein do we need every day?
What are the first-class sources? And how an awful lot should athletes be ingesting?Well, you already know, we don’t eat macro vitamins;
we don’t devour micro nutrients.You want Paleo junk meals, we’ll give you vegan junk meals, we’ll give you fat unfastened junk food, we’ll come up with… I imply any type of junk food you want as it’s all about macro nutrients or it’s all about whatever particular element, right?
On Fruit Loops, they are able to say, “with fiber, vitamin D” with all these items, and that gives us this type of fitness halo, when within fact it must all be approximately meals. And the purpose people don’t talk approximately meals is there’s no money to be made within meals.In truth, provide is going awful;
Can’t sit down on the shelf like a Twinkie for a pair weeks.
And appearance, even a broccoli grower is not going to put an advert on tv for broccoli due to the fact, you know, they’ll just purchase a competitor’s broccoli. There’s just no cash to be made.You’re never going to see an ad on television for candy potatoes because there’s just no money to be made.
That’s no longer where the profit is. The gadget is set up to reward just the unhealthiest however most profitable behavior.And so, I imply, in order that’s simply type of falling into the food enterprise’s trap to speak of form of this reductionist view of nutrients in preference to food.
Like What’s The Best Food, Right?
Well, carbs are jelly beans or kidney beans, lentils or lollipops.
They’re each carbs, right? I mean so fats, fat’s walnuts or lard, proper?So that’s why you could’t talk about it.
That’s why the enterprise desires you to speak like that, however it definitely has to come down to is what are the healthiest meals? So like, look, the dairy industry can say “the calcium within dairy.” Yeah, you understand what else is in dairy?It’s the primary supply of saturated fat in this country.
People suppose like steak or some thing. No, the number one supply of saturated fats is dairy, yes, the number one source of calcium, however yes, there’s protein within beef, sure, there’s iron within red meat, proper?
But What About The Baggage That Comes Along With All Those Nutrients?
I mean as a whole lot as Burger King says you may “have it your manner,” you could’t be like, “Yeah, can i am getting the protein however hold the saturated fats, maintain the hormones, keep the cholesterol.” I recognize, it’s a package— food is a package deal. So the issue about that, so in case you get your calcium from, you already know, darkish green leafy greens as a substitute, then it’s like, well, the luggage is sincerely a bonus.You get the fiber and the folate and the iron and the antioxidants—all these things missing from sort of the dairy source.
So that’s how we think in phrases of food. So if you inquire from me what are the pleasant foods that show up to have fats in them, well, it'd be nuts, seeds, avocados, due to the fact then it’s simply—you simply get the bonus rather than the luggage.In phrases of protein sources, all and sundry who doesn’t recognize how to get protein on a plant-based food regimen doesn’t understand beans, proper?
Beans, cut up peas, chickpeas, lentils, legumes—the protein superstars of the plant country. And then also a number of the entire grains, nuts and seeds and all sorts of things.So entire plant foods are the healthiest manner to get nearly all your nutrients, and that’s sincerely, I suppose, how we need to think about the ones macro nutrients.
Gianna Question wide variety :What Are Your Thoughts On Alkaline And Distilled Water, And Which Is Best For Athletes?
Most of the type of alkaline water nonsense is simply bogus, rip-off kind of stuff.
i have a video on NutritionFacts.org that is going into the science around that. Distilled water simply sort of appears a waste of energy to me.I suggest it’s the same element with like, you understand, type of reverse osmosis distillation;
it’s simply a completely form of wasteful system. But you could cast off some little trace minerals, but that’s no longer without a doubt the issue.I suggest tap water is typically the cheapest, most secure supply of ingesting water.
Gianna What approximately fluoride within it? Fluoride is the reason why we don’t develop antique and lose all our teeth.Gianna Should we be ingesting fluoride though?
It’s now not essential, however from a public fitness viewpoint—rich humans can go to the dentist and have enough money all forms of gizmos, ultrasonic gizmos for his or her enamel—however from a public fitness scale, I suggest that’s how you attain impoverished populations which might not have the dental care which you have, and so if you have a dental problem, no massive deal, go to the dentist, right? But in the event that they have a dental trouble, they might lose their tooth, because of this dropping quite a few their nutrients or being within continual ache.And actually from a public health perspective fluoridated water is—in fact, in step with the Center for Disease Control, one of the finest public health improvements during the last century.
Gianna Question quantity three: are there any suggestions or special tips for girls who pick out to eat a plant-primarily based diet whilst pregnant, and who additionally select to raise kids plant based after the breast milk stage if over?When you’re eating for 2 it’s just that much more critical to get all the nutrition you want, and so it’s essentially all of the equal advice you’d give to all people ingesting a wholesome weight loss program, ingesting a plant-based totally weight loss program.
Critically crucial: diet B12.So there’s two nutrients that aren’t made via vegetation.
One’s diet D, that's made by using animals consisting of your self when you walk outdoor; it’s the light diet.And the opposite one’s diet B12.
Not made through plant life, now not made by way of animals either; made with the aid of little microbes that blanket the earth.So, you already know, we ought to get all the B12 we needed drinking nicely water or out of a mountain or something a long term ago, but now we chlorinate our water supply to kill off any bacteria, so we don’t have a whole lot of B12 in our water any greater.
Don’t get a variety of cholera either. It’s an awesome issue that we stay within a nice sanitary global, but because of that we want to get a ordinary reliable supply of B12.Critically essential, specially for pregnant ladies, however for everyone.
During being pregnant iodine’s crucial, a mineral regularly lacking from prenatal nutrients, so it’s important, in case you’re getting a prenatal, to make certain it has iodine. Recommended daily allowance is 150 micrograms a day.
Gianna And For Children Being Raised Vegan, Do You Recommend Any Books Or Any Videos To Watch?
Is That Something That You Would Recommend To Raise Children Whole Food, Plant Based?
Should we boost our children healthful?I say sure, indeed, and so does the maximum esteemed pediatrician in human records, Benjamin Spock, within the seventh edition of Child and Baby Care, that's like one of the best-promoting books ever, second best to the Bible possibly in this U.S.
Where in his last edition he wrote, within his 90s before he died, advocated all kids be raised with zero exposure to meat and dairy, and he did that because he should see what the grandparents were death from and spot this burgeoning youth weight problems epidemic. So virtually we ought to enhance our youngsters inside the healthiest feasible way.That means now not having them smoke cigarettes.
That method having them put on seat belts, smoke alarms inside the domestic, and an entire meals, plant-primarily based eating regimen—in reality fundamental, simple. And even the ADA, nicely, what’s now the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, of their reliable role paper says strictly plant-based diets are appropriate for all stages of the life-style, which includes being pregnant and infancy and on through old age.So absolutely, we must all be raising wholesome youngsters, and in fact, Scott Stoll is currently writing a ebook on elevating vegan children;
he’s were given six, so he knows one or two things approximately it. Gianna good enough, number four:please assist explain soy and hormones, and why both males and females want now not worry it.
Soy is a misunderstood bean. All varieties of nuttiness out at the internet.If you have a look at the technology, although, it’s clearly simply sort of a fantastic medical consensus within phrases of humans.
I imply, the laboratory animal experiences, it relies upon if you’re a hamster or a rat, or extraordinary traces of mice have specific effects. When we ultimately had human information, so as an instance breast most cancers, you may see worries on the internet approximately, look, soy has phytoestrogens.
When You Think Of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer, Should Women With Breast Cancer Be Eating Soy?
And so we didn’t realize till 2004, the first poll that certainly put it to the check and actually observed breast cancer survivors, a few that ate soy and a few that didn’t, just to peer who lived longer, who had much less breast cancer recurrence. And within that research and within all of five studies executed so far, every unmarried one found that ladies with breast cancer, whether or not estrogen receptor fine or negative, whether or not they had been on Tamoxifen or no longer—all continually more survival;placed them all collectively, more survival, decrease cancer recurrence price.
And so we’ve recognised that ingesting soy, specially for the duration of formative years, can reduce the chance of getting breast most cancers in the first region, however now we know it’s associated with progressed survival as nicely. So wait a 2nd.How is that possible whilst it has estrogenic effects?
Well, no, see you don’t apprehend. There’s sincerely forms of estrogen receptor cells—it’s an extended tale:alpha, beta—so essentially your own estrogen, your endogenous estrogen produced by means of your ovaries attaches preferentially to alpha receptors.
Soy attaches to a unique sort of estrogen receptors. So it topics, the results of soy at the body matters on the ratio of these exceptional receptors and extraordinary organs of the frame.And so it sincerely has seasoned-estrogen results wherein you want it, like in the bones, skeleton.
It definitely reduces bone loss as compared to dairy milk, for instance, in reviews of soy milk. But it has android estrogenic consequences in which you want it, for instance inside the breast, lowering breast cancer chance and enhancing breast most cancers survival.So it’s what’s known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a fancy term for essentially the excellent of all worlds.
So it reduces hot flashes, anti-estrogen effect, strengthens the bones, pro-estrogenic effect, reduces breast cancer chance. And so you don’t must devour it;all of the legumes are wholesome, and i encourage people to consume whole soy sources like edamame, immature green soybeans;
you could get frozen bags of it, sprinkle it in your salad, a fantastic preference. Tempeh, miso, these are all whole soy meals, as well as a number of the extra processed stuff.And so that you appearance within the clinical literature, it’s clean.
We’ve got heaps of videos about it. So yeah, you just don’t trust the craziness you read at the internet.Gianna And just for the males accessible which can be worried that they could grow breasts or something like that from soy.
Can We Help Debunk That For Men, So They Don’t Fear It As Well?
Sure.So there’s three case reviews in literature of gynecomastia with immoderate soy intake.
But by means of excessive soy—they had been literally drinking gallons of soy milk an afternoon, so I neglect… I assume a few people, like 40 servings of soy a day, and at that degree you can simply get enough alpha receptor hobby to truly have pro-estrogenic effects. So the answer isn't to avoid soy, however not drink four gallons of soy milk a day.
Gianna So Men Aren’t Going To Grow Breasts If They’re Eating Soy Here And There?
No, and actually it'd be healthful. So soy consumption within men is associated with lower prostate cancer danger, that's the number one cancer killer unique to men.Gianna ok, query variety five:
Can A Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Help Heal Autoimmune Diseases Like Thyroid Issues And Colitis?
So consuming an anti-inflammatory diet, no surprise, may be one of the best nutritional treatments for inflammatory sicknesses within trendy, such as car-immune sickness.So as an instance, more than one sclerosis, that is an car-immune sickness where your body assaults your own nerves, the unmarried great recorded intervention—clinical, surgical, something, no tablets—have ever crushed out a plant-primarily based eating regimen:
Roy Swank’s anti-MS diet, so the only. So it’s now not simply safer, less expensive.No, the simplest remedy ever posted inside the peer reviewed scientific clinical literature, a plant-based totally weight loss plan.
Chron’s disorder, same thing. A study out of Japan using a plant-based weight loss program, a number of the best relapse prevention rates ever.Chron’s ailment is an automobile-immune inflammatory bowel disease.
Rheumatoid arthritis, one of the maximum effective interventions for rheumatoid arthritis—whether or not we’re talking approximately objective measures such as grip electricity and inflammatory markers inside the blood circulate or simply within phrases of fine of existence for human beings affected by these sicknesses. Auto-immune ailment, we simply don’t have a number of suitable records for.We have data, so the Adventist 2 study determined that folks who devour strictly plant-primarily based diets have the very best rates of what’s called euthyroid thyroid, that means everyday thyroid feature, and so it is able to save you thyroid troubles.
But there’s in no way been any poll that really placed plant-based diets to the check within terms of treating thyroid disfunction, unless we’re speaking approximately something like iodine deficiency. There’s other kinds of inflammatory sicknesses that we don’t have facts for, but it might make sense if it really works for most of these different car-immune sicknesses, it really works for these different inflammatory illnesses, an anti inflammatory food regimen could have this impact.And part of that anti inflammatory energy is from the fiber.
You say, fiber? Who could think fiber?We think like bowel health or some thing.
It’s simply form of an inert substance. Not at all.We can’t digest fiber, but our suitable intestine micro organism can.
We have trillions of bacteria within our intestine. And we used to suppose that was simply intestine fitness, but now we recognize that our microbiome, our friendly flora down within our colon truely could have results on our immune machine, even our mental fitness.
And What Do They Eat, What Do Our Good Bugs Eat?
They devour prebiotics, which is fiber and resistant starch discovered in abundance within most effective one vicinity: complete plant foods, and some of these compounds have anti inflammatory outcomes.They’re destroy down merchandise of fiber;
they get absorbed into your system and circulated all through your body. So that’s one of the reasons why plant-based totally diets are so anti inflammatory.Gianna Number six:
What are your mind on vitamins and supplements, vegan based, either taken orally or intravenously like vitamin C drips? Well, in reality vitamin B12 is seriously crucial for all of us ingesting a wholesome food plan, so I’d recommend 2500 micrograms of what’s referred to as cyanocobalamin, that is the most inexpensive supply.Once every week is all you need.
Costs much less than $5 a 12 months. You’re going to get all of the B12 you want, however critically vital from a regular reliable supply.If you’re not getting enough sun… Now, if you’re mild skinned sufficient and younger enough and thin sufficient and stay at a latitude that’s sunny sufficient, then getting 10, 15 minutes of mid-day solar, you’ll get all the nutrition D you want.
But it doesn’t count how sunny it's miles if you’re stuck at a table activity all day, no longer getting out of doors, in which case you’d need to complement your weight loss program with diet D, the light diet. I suggest 2,000 global units of vitamin D3 an afternoon.So, I suggest intravenous nutrition C has been used as a cancer remedy, going again to the 1970s with Linus Pauling’s work.
It was in view that—thrilling—type of debunked by using Mayo Clinic, in which they gave human beings an entire bunch of diet C; didn’t see the kind of dazzling effects that have been at the start visible, however they have been the use of oral nutrition C.We used to suppose, well, oral nutrition C is similar to intravenous nutrition C, however no, our frame certainly clamps down on vitamin C absorption.
At very small doses it doesn’t rely both way, you’ll take in it all. But as soon as your frame gets over approximately 200, 250 milligrams of nutrition C—which is set five servings of end result and greens worth—your frame starts offevolved clamping “that’s a bit too much.” Your body starts offevolved clamping down on absorption, in order that they in reality weren’t uncovered to the equal quantity.And so i've a whole series of films on intravenous diet C for cancer if you’re interested in that;
I inspire people to check it out. Gianna Should we be cooking cru—your preferred—need to we be cooking cruciferous veggies, like steaming broccoli, or is mixing raw kale within a smoothie effective enough, and is it bad for the thyroid to eat them uncooked? Oh, my God.We need to eat cruciferous veggies in whichever manner gets us to consume the maximum of them.
You like raw broccoli? Eat raw broccoli.You like steamed broccoli?
Eat steamed. Whichever manner gets you to consume the maximum.In fact cruciferous vegetables are one in every of my Daily Dozen.
It’s a free app on iPhone, Android: “ ’s Daily Dozen.” I talk about all the foods I inspire human beings to get and fit into their every day ordinary.So, you know, vegetables every day are the healthies greens, beans every day, berries every day are the healthiest fruits.
A tablespoon of ground flaxseeds, a quarter teaspoon of floor turmeric. You know, the first-rate beverage, the fine sweeteners, how a lot exercise to get—simply to sort of encourage humans to try and fit some of the healthies of wholesome meals into the weight loss plan.And one of these boxes I encourage human beings to tick off every day, you’re not going to healthy—you’re not going to test off the day unless you get a few shape of cruciferous veggies, which is set a 1/2 cup of cooked cruciferous vegetables, approximately a cup of uncooked.
And so that’s like kale, collards, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts, and collard vegetables, these types of first-rate veggies. And so essentially however you get them in your weight loss plan, the higher.During the summertime, green smoothies are a outstanding cross-to manner to get vegetables on your breakfast.
And I type of wreck a few white beans within my oatmeal just to get my legumes, were given to test those off. But, yeah, placed them in a smoothie, put them anywhere;as long as you’re getting veggies, that’s the most vital factor.
Now you can overdo, I suggest you could overdo uncooked cruciferous vegetables that have this so known as goitrogenic compounds which can be determined in masses of healthy ingredients, not only broccoli, however additionally flaxseeds and some of other wholesome matters. But the answer is not to avoid those truely healthful foods;it’s simply to get enough iodine due to the fact those goitrogenic compounds simply intrude with the uptake of iodine, which is the thyroid gland.
So if you’re definitely marginally now not getting enough iodine, then consuming a lot of broccoli and cruciferous can actually have an effect on your ranges. So the answer, you simply make certain you’re getting a source of iodine;the healthiest one is sea greens, so you like munch on those seaweed snacks, after which much like darkish green leafies as a snack.
Ah! I mean the greater ways you can get them into your diet, the better.There become this famous case inside the New England Journal of Medicine, a female who—I overlook, it was like actually hundreds of pounds of uncooked bok choy, she turned into on a few loopy eating regimen, and actually did run into thyroid troubles, so 1000 pounds… ok, however… Gianna It’s just like the soy.
…I inspire humans, proper. And look, we’re talking about meals with medicinal consequences.I suggest we need to anticipate like if you may eat as a lot—I mean if there’s a vast amount of some thing that you could be uncovered to, possibly doesn’t have a great deal “uumph” to it, proper?
But the fact that, look, no, some of these ingredients could have effective effects on our biology, so no surprise that there’s a positive level which you need to stay within, however fortunately they’re all without problems through any kind of typical culinary dose. Gianna Number eight:is sprouting nuts, seeds, grains and beans better for digestion?
If so, why? Oh, well, see, part of the reason that humans soak or sprout nuts is to dispose of the phytates.So there was this concept, based totally on stories on puppies back inside the ‘50s, that phytates have been mineral inhibitors.
And so the manner you can cast off the phytates, you soak nuts or you sprout nuts to take away the phytates, and then you definately’d maximize your calcium absorption and different important minerals. But we now understand no longer only is that no longer the case, however phytates are genuinely healthy for you, surely beneficial effects of phytates, so we have to sincerely try and get as a good deal phytates within our weight loss program as viable, and the manner we do this is via consuming our nuts un-sprouted, ingesting our nuts un-soaked.And so, yeah, I encourage human beings to eat uncooked nuts, seeds, and seed butters.
The motive we’d alternatively not roast them is because of the formation of AGE’s, Advanced Glycation End merchandise, which are these glycotoxins associated with expanded chance of kidney disease and Alzheimer’s and multiplied getting older and all kinds of actually horrific matters. And it’s formed while high fat, high protein meals are uncovered to extremely high heat, dry heat.And so nearly all AGE publicity is meat—so like barbequed hot dogs, so barbequed, grilling, grilled fowl, that sort of component—extremely excessive.
So in case you examine it, whereas plant foods have almost not anything regardless of what you do—I mean you could grill a bell pepper and you’re not going to offer a trouble, however there are uncommon plant foods which can be excessive in protein outcomes, inclusive of nuts, which includes soy. So we ought to certainly, preferably need to now not—like Cajun blackened tofu, no longer an excellent concept on a regular basis due to those a while.So that’s why we really shouldn’t roast our nuts.
Gianna And Why Do You Recommend Nut Butters As Opposed To Just The Whole Nut?
Oh, definitely whole nuts are better due to the fact you without a doubt chew right down to little particles—regardless of how well you chunk, you commonly simplest fracture down to about 2 mm, that is one thousand instances larger than the particles found within nut butters.And the cause that’s crucial is due to the fact the ones cellular partitions and those little cubes, which incorporate loads of thousands of intact walls, absolutely protect all the nutrients inside from absorption for your small intestine, and that creates a bounty for our intestine vegetation.
So when we eat simply acellular foods, powders like flour merchandise, even supposing it’s 100% complete wheat flour—so if we eat 100% entire wheat flour bread or pasta or something, we’re getting all of the nutrients; they didn’t do away with the fiber, however all of the nutrients are out, exposed to be absorbed.They get absorbed within the small intestine, leaving very little for our intestine flowers at the give up.
Whereas if you eat complete intact grains or whole beans, then there is certainly those little clumps of food that’s leftover for our suitable bacteria, and that improves our intestine fitness and improves our microbiome. Gianna i like it.Since a lot of our soil is depleted of minerals, where can we get super sources of minerals?
So that’s a few scammy hint mineral seller communicate. Somebody need to look at crop nutrient decline over the last half century, perhaps 15%.So humans seeking to sell you mineral dietary supplements will make this, will say, oh, our crops are depleted, just due to the fact they’re looking to sell you some thing.
We can actually take a look at the facts; the USDA tracks vitamins within the soil going back for a century:15% decrement.
So meaning, adequate, as opposed to five florets of broccoli, now you need to devour six florets of broccoli instead of a half of century ago. Fine, devour six florets of broccoli.There’s no want to take mineral supplements.
Gianna ok. Number ten: For those who say every person’s exceptional, so all of us require exclusive diets.Yeah.
Gianna What is your recommendation on this, and does an entire meals, plant-based totally eating regimen help us stay longer, more healthy lives, all people? So, it’s no longer like—like at a zoo, there’s a gorilla food plan and there’s a lemur food plan.It’s not like, oh, you’re lemur #12, so you get a few crazy food plan.
No, there’s a food regimen that’s clearly tuned to our biology. We evolved for millions of years.So we broke from our closing top notch ape ancestors approximately 20 million years in the past.
So for the first 90% of our evolution until approximately 2 million years ago we ate what our fellow amazing apes ate, which is essentially vegetables and fruit. We have been a plant-based totally food plan, nearly exclusively plant-based totally food plan, and most effective inside the ultimate 10% of our evolution did we start understanding a way to make tools and searching, etc.And so our biology is tuned to consuming entire food, plant primarily based—so no surprise that the identical form of food regimen that reverses coronary heart sickness, the primary killer of men and women, is the identical weight loss program that also reverses diabetes, and the equal weight loss program that reverses high blood stress.
And So A Kidney Healthy Diet, Is A Liver Healthy Diet, Is A Brain Healthy Diet, Right?
And it all makes feel due to the fact, appearance, the anti-inflammatory weight loss plan is a diet that allows your arteries anywhere throughout your frame.I mean, look, if that’s all a plant-based food plan should do, opposite the number one killer of men and women, shouldn’t that be type of the default eating regimen till validated otherwise?
In fact that it is able to additionally save you or opposite other main killers would seem to make the case for plant-primarily based eating actually overwhelming. Gianna We have one bonus question.Bonus!
What do ya’ got?Gianna What Is The Most Effective Way To Help People Convert To Being Plant Based?
So I suppose sharing sources with them.
So every now and then it’s hard; human beings put up their defenses whilst someone attempts—whilst anybody comes to us with a few new idea that conflicts with what we trust, there’s just this sort of herbal reaction to form of need to preserve on.That’s why sharing form of 1/3-birthday party sources:
“Here’s a top notch documentary, here’s a superb website, right here’s a wonderful e book,” after which they can type of take it in on themselves, after which type of the motivation comes from within rather than feeling someone’s attempting to inform them to do something. So that’s one of my preferred ways.And share top notch meals!
They have this sense that, oh, yeah, it doesn’t count how—will I stay that lengthy or just experience like I lived that long? But no, it’s sincerely the first-class of each worlds.Some of the yummiest, like berries, proper?
Wait a second. Tastes terrific and also you get to live longer?That’s what plant-primarily based consuming is all approximately Gianna Thanks for tuning in, Love, Giana, and… [silence].
You have to say, “ .” I didn’t know my line. Where’s my cue card?